For a core having a relative permeability μ_r, magnetic dipole moment per unit volume M and field strength H, the flux density B is

The dielectrics having only one kind of atoms are known as elemental dielectrics.

If the valence electron is separated from a copper atom, the remaining part of atom has a net charge of

If k is Boltzmann's constant and T is absolute temp, then at room temp.

The chemical properties of atoms are determined by all the electrons and their configuration.