Consider the following statements

1. An iron cored choke is a nonlinear device.
2. A carbon resistor kept in a sunlight is a time - invariant and passive device.
3. A dry cell is a time - varying and active device.
4. An air capacitor is a time - invariant and passive device

Of these statements

Assertion (A): When a zener diode breakdown, occurs the voltage across it is constant.

Reason (R): The upper limit of zener current is determined by power handling capacity.

Choose proper substitutes for x and y to make the following statement correct.
Tunnel diode, Avalanche photodiode are operated in x bias and y bias respectively.

Of the various capacitances associated with a junction transistor the gain bandwidth product is affected to maximum extend by

The ripple factor from a capacitor filter __________ as the load resistance __________ .