A ripple counter is an asynchronous counter.

A state diagram is a table of states.

In many cases, counters must be strobed in order to eliminate glitches.

Bidirectional shift registers can shift data either right or left.

A 12 MHz clock frequency is applied to a cascaded counter containing a modulus-5 counter, a modulus-8 counter, and a modulus-10 counter. The lowest output frequency possible is ________.