In factory buildings, the horizontal beams spanning between the wall columns supporting a wall covering, are called

If the thickness of a structural member is small as compared to its length and width, it is classified as

If P is the allowable bending stress in a slab, whose greater and lesser projections from the column faces, are A and B, the thickness (t) of the slab base, is (where w is the intensity of earth pressure.)

A web plate is called unstiffened if the ratio of clear depth to thickness is less than

Design of a riveted joint is based on the assumption: