Exercise: Logical Deduction

Questions for: Logical Deduction

Statements: All educated people read newspapers. Rahul does not read newspaper.

Conclusions:

  1. Rahul is not educated.
  2. Reading newspaper is not essential to be educated.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: A
Since both the premises are universal and one premise is negative, the conclusion must be universal negative and should not contain the middle term. So, only I follows.
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Statements: Some men are educated. Educated persons prefer small families.

Conclusions:

  1. All small families are educated.
  2. Some men prefer small families.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: B
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. Thus, only II follows.
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Statements: Some papers are pens. Some pencils are pens.

Conclusions:

  1. Some pens are pencils.
  2. Some pens are papers.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: E
Since both premises are particular, no definite conclusion follows. However, I is the converse of second premise, while II is the converse of the first premise. So, both of them hold.
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Statements: All birds are tall. Some tall are hens.

Conclusions:

  1. Some birds are hens.
  2. Some hens are tall.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: B
Since the middle term 'tall' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, II is the converse of the second premise and so it holds.
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Statements: Some papers are pens. Angle is a paper.

Conclusions:

  1. Angle is not a pen.
  2. Angle is a pen.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: C
Since the middle term 'papers' is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows.
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