Exercise: Logical Deduction

Questions for: Logical Deduction

Statements: No magazine is cap. All caps are cameras.

Conclusions:

  1. No camera is magazine.
  2. Some cameras are magazines.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: C
As discussed above, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some cameras are not magazines'. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows.
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Statements: All tubes are handles. All cups are handles.

Conclusions:

  1. All cups are tubes.
  2. Some handles are not cups.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: D
Both the premises are A type propositions. So, in either, the middle term 'handles' forming the predicate is not distributed. Since the middle term is not distributed even once in the premises, no definite conclusion follows
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Statements: All men are married. Some men are educated.

Conclusions:

  1. Some married are educated.
  2. Some educated are married.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: E
Since one premise is particular, the conclusion must be particular and should not contain the middle term. So, I follows. II is the converse of I and thus it also holds.
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Statements: Some books are pens. No pen is pencil.

Conclusions:

  1. Some books are pencils.
  2. No book is pencil.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: C
As discussed above, the conclusion must be particular negative and should not contain the middle term. So, it follows that 'Some books are not pencils'. However, I and II involve only the extreme terms and form a complementary pair. Thus, either I or II follows.
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Statements: No man is a donkey. Rahul is a man.

Conclusions:

  1. Rahul is not a donkey.
  2. All men are not Rahul.
A:
Only conclusion I follows
B:
Only conclusion II follows
C:
Either I or II follows
D:
Neither I nor II follows
Answer: A
Since on premise is negative, the conclusion must be negative. Conclusion II cannot follow as it contains the middle term. So, only I follows.
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